Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies
Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies (SIJMDS) is a double-blind, peer-reviewed, open-access scholarly journal that publishes original multidisciplinary research in the social sciences, humanities, education, management, economics, and related fields. The journal provides an international forum for academic inquiry that integrates theoretical, empirical, and applied perspectives to address contemporary societal, educational, economic, and policy-related issues. It welcomes contributions from researchers worldwide and encourages multidisciplinary approaches that foster collaboration across disciplines within the social sciences and humanities. Publication Information Journal Title: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Abbreviation: Synergy Int. J. Multidiscip. Stud. ISSN No.: 3048-7005 Establish Year: June 2024 Subject: Multidisciplinary Format: Online Frequency: Quarterly (March, June, September, December) DOI Prefix: 10.6396 SJIF Impact Factor: 3.429 View SJIF Journal Details Impact Factor Based on Citations on Google Scholar: 1.3 Aprox. Editor-in-Chief: Prof. Ishrat Naaz, Professor, School of Education, Galgotias University Publisher: Synergy Publication Language: English Publication Model: Continuous online publication will likely happen from September 2026.
This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited. Attribution: Users must give appropriate credit to the author(s), provide a link to the original publication, and include a link to the license. Indication of Changes: If any modifications are made, users must clearly indicate that changes were made to the original work. No Additional Restrictions: Users may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. Under this license, the author(s) retain copyright and grant the journal a non-exclusive, worldwide, perpetual right to publish and distribute the work as the original source of publication.
Digital Competence in Education: A Comparative Analysis of Frameworks and Conceptual Foundations
Digital competence is the holistic ability to confidently, critically, and responsibly engage with digital technologies across personal, educational, professional, and societal contexts. It integrates knowledge (understanding digital tools and systems), skills (technical, cognitive, and socio-emotional proficiencies), attitudes (responsibility, ethical judgement, adaptability, and resilience), and strategic awareness (critical evaluation, creativity, and problem-solving) to access, manage, create, and communicate information effectively. The study aims to analyse the various definitions of Digital Competence. The study also aims to analyse and compare various digital competence frameworks for educators, focusing on their key competencies, proficiency levels, and implementation strategies. A qualitative comparative analysis was employed to compare six prominent digital competence frameworks for educators (DigCompEdu, Norwegian Framework, ICT CFT, DTPF, SFDCT, and EDCF) through content analysis, focusing on their key competencies and proficiency levels. The frameworks were selected based on their relevance to education, international scope, and recent updates. The analysis identifies commonalities and differences across frameworks, particularly in terms of collaboration, ethical practices, digital tool integration, and continuous professional development. The findings provide insights for policymakers, educators, and institutions to design effective professional development programs and integrate digital competence frameworks into educational practices. This research offers a comprehensive comparison of digital competence frameworks, contributing to the ongoing discourse on digital transformation in education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mirza Shahzan Asagar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Benefits and Challenges of Flipped Learning: A Study on Students’ Perception
This study investigates students’ perception regarding the advantages and challenges of flipped learning in senior secondary education. A popular pedagogical strategy flipped learning aims to foster active engagement and prioritize student-centered learning. The study examines the perceived benefits and challenges associated with flipped learning by using the data obtained from the sample of sixty students at Senior Secondary School in Delhi through both questionnaires and open-ended questions. The results indicate that students generally view flipped learning positively, highlighting benefits such as enhanced understanding, increased ownership of their educational journey, and improved interactions with peers and educators. Nonetheless, students also identified several challenges, including unreliable internet access, time limitations, and technological obstacles. This study emphasizes the need for addressing these issues to maximize the effectiveness of flipped learning and improve educational outcomes. The finding’ recommendations to facilitate the successful adoption of flipped learning methodologies in senior secondary settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Innovating Education Through Technology: A Pathway to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in the Context of National Education Policy 2020
The integration of technology in education has become a key strategy to drive progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). India’s National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 recognizes the transformative potential of technology in shaping a future-ready education system. This research paper explores how innovative technology in education can serve as a pathway to achieving the SDGs, with a focus on quality education (SDG 4) and its interlinkages with other goals such as poverty reduction, gender equality, and economic growth. It also examines the alignment between NEP 2020 and the broader objectives of the SDGs, analysing the policy’s vision for leveraging digital learning to create an inclusive, equitable, and quality education system for all.
Trade Relationship Between India And The European Union
India's economic growth positions it as one of the fastest-growing economies globally. India is a substantial and dynamic market, exhibiting an annual GDP growth rate of approximately 6.1% in 2019, as reported by the IMF, and increasing to 7% in 2020. Recently, numerous institutions have revised downward their growth projections for India owing to a worldwide economic slowdown. India is a significant participant in global economic governance. India maintains significant commercial and investment links with the EU. India was among the nations that established connections with the EU. An essential mechanism in this context is the EU-India trade subcommission, established under the 1994 cooperation and partnership agreements between the EU and India, which convenes annually. Since 2007, India and the EU have been negotiating broad-based trade and investment accords (BTIA). The European Union is India's foremost trading partner, representing €92 billion in trade in 2018, which constitutes 12.9% of India's overall commerce, surpassing China (10.9%) and the United States (10.1%). The trade of goods between these two entities surged by 72% over the past decade. The EU-India trade and investment partnership encompasses a broader scope, including Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); for instance, India has hosted "The International Solar Alliance" in collaboration with France. This document presents an extensive literature assessment of the trade relations between India and the European Union (EU). It examines the historical development, present dynamics, and future potential of this important economic connection. This review examines existing scholarly literature, policy reports, and trade data to elucidate significant trends, difficulties, and opportunities within the India-EU trade partnership.
Political Science, Public Policy, and Governance
Transforming Rural Women Entrepreneurs: The Role of MUDRA Yojana in Promoting Financial Inclusion and Digital Finance in Uttar Pradesh
This study examines the impact of the Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY) on financial inclusion and the empowerment of rural women in Uttar Pradesh, with a specific focus on Aligarh district. The scheme, launched in 2015, aims to provide collateral-free micro-credit to small and micro-enterprises, including women entrepreneurs traditionally excluded from formal financial systems. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research compares 312 women beneficiaries of MUDRA loans with 125 non-beneficiaries to assess differences in access to finance, digital banking adoption, and empowerment outcomes. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions, while secondary data were sourced from government and institutional reports. The findings indicate that MUDRA loans have significantly improved women’s access to banking services, enhanced their use of digital finance platforms, and contributed to increased income and financial independence. However, challenges such as digital literacy gaps, lack of follow-up support, and limited awareness of loan benefits remain. The study concludes that MUDRA Yojana plays a crucial role in promoting inclusive finance and enabling women’s economic participation. It recommends strengthening financial literacy, digital training, and business support services to maximize the long-term impact of the scheme on women’s empowerment in rural India.
Commerce, Management, Business, and Organizational Studies
Copyright (c) 2024 Vishnu Gupta, Harikesh Maurya, Rajeev Sirohi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Escalating Israel-Palestine Hostilities: Implications for Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the Wider Arab World
The recent escalation in the longstanding conflict between Israel and Palestine has highlighted several significant shifts in the political dynamics of West Asia. The Arab world, once a strong advocate for Palestinian statehood—engaging in three wars with Israel—has recently demonstrated waning support. The issue of Palestine statehood no longer elicits the same response from the Arab world as it did until the 1970s. The Arab world, influenced by power politics, perceives its involvement in the conflict as less required. Instead, it prioritises industrial modernisation, trying to reduce dependence on hydrocarbons and focusing on advanced technologies. The Arab states believe that the comprehensive development of the region will occur only when there is peace, and their active participation in the Israel-Palestine conflict is likely to impact that prospect in the region. Additionally, it sees conflict between Iran and Israel as an opportunity to degrade Iran and its Axis of resistance, a scenario which would increase the Arab state’s geostrategic significance in the area. However, the Arab world's disengagement from the Palestinian cause has left a void in the Arab leadership. Iran, which too has the aspirations of Muslim leadership, has stepped in, trying to fill the gap left by the Arab world. Iran has emerged as the strong voice of the Palestinian at the global level, giving it reasonable popularity among both Shia and Sunni Muslim countries. Moreover, Iran's economic, military, geographic, and demographic characteristics position it as a formidable Muslim country in the region, further heightening the Arab states’ insecurities. Therefore, they believe that the Arab world may benefit from the weakening of Iran and its proxies. However, this notion doesn't appear to be entirely accurate. Because the collapse or weakening of Iran means the complete domination of Israel in the region, and given the fundamental differences between Israel's and the Arab world's regional interests, such an outcome would further hinder the prospects of peaceful coexistence between Arab states and Israel. This study concludes that lasting peace and prosperity in the region can only be achieved by upholding international law and strengthening multilateral institutions, rather than focusing on Iran’s decline. In this research paper, a mixed-methods approach was employed, combining qualitative, quantitative, and descriptive research methodologies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Syed Kamran Ali, Anshu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analyzing the Impact of Health Spending Per Capita on Life Expectancy, Immunization, Fertility, and Nourishment in India: A Multi-Year Correlational Study
The paper examines the associations between critical health outcomes and health spending per capita in India concerning life expectancy, DPT immunization coverage, fertility rate, and Nourishment between 2016-17 and 2021-22. The research uses correlational analysis to explain the effects of financial investment on health through secondary data from authoritative sources in the country. The results indicate a strong positive relationship between per capita health spending and both life expectancy and immunization coverage, emphasizing the need to sustain healthcare funding to improve longevity and preventive care. The correlation between health expenditure and fertility rate shows a moderate negative relationship, reflecting the impact of health investments on population and reproductive health. Interestingly, a positive correlation was found between health spending and Nourishment. These findings highlight the complexity of health financing and emphasize the need for more comprehensive social policies to address it. The study provides evidence on how policy can be used to allocate health spending effectively, aiming for equitable health gains and sustainable development in India.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Anxiety and Depression on Academic Performance in High School Students: A Cognitive Perspectives
Mental health issues, particularly anxiety and depression, significantly affect students’ academic performance. This study examines the cognitive models of David M. Clark and Aaron Beck to understand how maladaptive thought patterns contribute to anxiety and depression in high school students. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these mental health concerns, leading to increased academic struggles. Using a theoretical and empirical approach, this study highlights key symptoms, cognitive distortions, and intervention strategies, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Findings emphasise the need for mental health support in educational settings to improve student outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Macroeconomic Consequences of Type 1 Diabetes: Productivity Loss and Healthcare Expenditure
Individuals with T1D carry the economic burden of the illness itself as well as its treatment, along with the burden on healthcare systems and the economy. In this study, we consider the macroeconomic consequences of T1D in India at the productivity loss and healthcare expenditure. In order to quantify these direct and indirect costs of T1, we use data from global and national health surveys, economic studies and healthcare databases to analyse trends from 2000 to 2045. We found that T1D is becoming increasingly common, and that the number of affected people is predicted to exceed 124.9 million by 2045 and that these costs will be substantial for healthcare and productivity. The economic impact is estimated to increase directly to USD 8.5 billion in 2021 while incrementally to USD 12.8 billion by 2045 while the indirect cost that includes absenteeism, presenteeism and mortality before active age contribute to magnify. Complications like neuropathy, retinopathy, coronary artery disease also play a major role in the disease burden. The study stresses the constraints of macroeconomic consequences of T1D in India through improved access to insulin and early diagnosis and workplace accommodations. This increasing public health challenge requires policymakers to enforce cost effective strategies to tackle this challenge and to minimise the economic burden on the individuals and on the health care system.
Advancing Green Financing Through Fintech for Sustainable Development
This study explores the role of financial technology (FinTech) in advancing green finance and sustainable development. Green financing, which directs capital toward environmentally sustainable projects, is pivotal in addressing climate change and achieving sustainable development goals. FinTech has emerged as a powerful tool in facilitating access to green finance, promoting transparency, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory compliance, while enabling crowdfunding for green projects. The paper examines the contributions of FinTech in supporting international climate efforts, promoting energy efficiency, financing renewable energy projects, and developing sustainable infrastructure. Additionally, it highlights how FinTech fosters financial inclusion by providing disadvantaged communities with access to green financing opportunities. Data from Indian banks and financial institutions illustrate the growing adoption of FinTech solutions and their impact on green finance portfolios, including renewable energy and sustainable infrastructure projects. Despite the positive impacts, the study identifies several challenges, including regulatory barriers, data privacy concerns, technological infrastructure gaps, and limited investor awareness. The research concludes with recommendations for strengthening regulatory frameworks, promoting collaboration among stakeholders, and investing in data security and financial literacy. Ultimately, the paper underscores FinTech’s transformative potential in driving the global transition toward a greener, more sustainable economy.
Body Shaming: A Normalized Form of Bullying In Schools
School and peers are important elements of a student’s microsystem and in the ADOLESCENT years, it becomes crucial to have a healthy and supportive environment. Body shaming is a form of bullying and is less studied in the Indian school context. The objective of the study was to find the prevalence and impact of body shaming on adolescents in school. An explanatory sequential mixed-method research design was used to study the stated objectives with a sample of 126 students aged 14-18 years. The quantitative data findings reflect that body shaming as a construct is not prevalent in the school, selected for the study. However, qualitative findings suggest that there is a prevalence of body shaming but not considered a problematic act by the students. The findings led to the conclusion that there is a lack of awareness about body shaming and its impact needs to be studied with a larger population.
Copyright (c) 2024 Jagrati (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Communal Tensions and Revivalist Movements in Colonial Bihar: A Historical Analysis of the Emergence of Hindu-Muslim Conflict, 1908-1924
This paper examines the emergence of revivalist and communal trends in colonial Bihar between 1908 and 1924, with a focus on the manipulation by the colonial state that led to the rise of these movements. The Arya Samaj movement, established in 1875, aimed to revitalize Vedic Hinduism and gained significant influence in Bihar through its advocacy for cow protection and the establishment of educational institutions, temples, and social welfare organizations. The movement’s impact was evident in the lives of Hindus in Bihar, with efforts to eliminate the practice of ‘untouchability’ and caste distinctions, promote women’s education and gender equality, and assist impoverished women and widows. However, the rise of revivalist movements and communalism led to increased tensions between Hindu and Muslim communities, culminating in violent conflicts such as the Shahabad riots in 1917.
Copyright (c) 2024 Imen Hamraoui (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Leather Waste Management and Possibilities of Employment Generation in India
India is not only famous for its historical monuments and its diverse culture but also its traditional leather craft. The leather industry is one of the most polluting industries in India and the world as well because its production process includes the use of many chemicals and methods of processing that have a heavy impact on the environment. Having finished products, lefts lots of waste materials of leather, most of them come from organized and unorganized manufacturing units. One more interesting fact is that most people even don’t know how to decompose them properly. They usually dump it openly or dispose of it on land sited. From all the stages of making finished leather out of 100% of raw material nearly 85% is generated as solid & liquid waste like (skins, fats, trimmings, process effluents, and sludge buffing dust,). Only 15% useable material is available for making leather products. Out of which nearly 50% is generated as waste during the cutting process even in the case of some goods it may be 60-70%. All these wastes can be used for making various useful items and industrial products. Proper utilization of these wastes will give a boost to the growth and development of the nation because there are great possibilities of utilizing these wastes for the betterment of society. The purpose of presenting this paper is to understand and find new innovative methods of using these wastes for generating employment opportunities, eliminating widespread poverty, and attaining various SDG goals of the UN.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dharmveer singh, Md Qaiser Alam, Pushpendra Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
School Teachers’ Awareness and Perceptions of Artificial Intelligence in Science Education: A Study of Secondary School
This study investigates the awareness and perspectives of secondary school teachers regarding the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into science education. A survey was administered to 50 secondary school teachers in urban settings to evaluate their understanding of AI, opinions on its implementation in science education, and preferences for AI applications across different science topics. The outcomes reveal an overall positive perception and awareness of AI among teachers, underscored by a significant interest in AI education. These findings provide meaningful insights into the existing preparedness of teachers to adopt AI in secondary science education, laying the groundwork for future discussions on efficacious integration approaches and initiatives for professional development.
Copyright (c) 2024 Md Inzemamul Haque (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sorcery as Cure: Medicine in Mughal India (1526-1707)
Sorcery and its intertwining with medicine have deep roots in Indian cultural and spiritual traditions, persisting through the Mughal period (1526-1707). The Mughal rulers, who were patrons of the Unani and Ayurvedic medical systems, also indirectly acknowledged the role of sorcery in healthcare. While Unani and Ayurvedic practitioners enjoyed state support and prominence, sorcerers, operating without official endorsement, played a vital role in medieval Indian society, particularly among the rural and lower classes. Sorcerers, believed to wield supernatural powers, provided accessible and affordable healthcare, often addressing ailments thought to be caused by spiritual or supernatural forces—an area beyond the reach of conventional physicians and hakims. This study examines the dual role of sorcerers as both healers and practitioners of magic within the Mughal medical landscape. Sorcerers offered various treatments, including herbal remedies, magical spells, and rituals, sometimes involving animal or human sacrifices. Their methods, although lacking scientific validation, were perceived as effective by a populace deeply entrenched in spiritual and magical beliefs.
Copyright (c) 2024 Md Azhar Haque Mallick (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychosocial Challenges of Students with Visual Impairment in Inclusive Education Settings: A Mixed-Methods Study from Delhi NCR
Students with visual impairment (VI) in inclusive educational settings encounter a distinctive constellation of psychosocial challenges that frequently remain invisible within policy-driven discourses of inclusive education. This study examines the nature, extent, and underlying mechanisms of these challenges as experienced by visually impaired students, their teachers, and special educators across inclusive schools in Delhi NCR. Employing a mixed-methods case study design, the research collected data from 49 visually impaired students, 7 special education teachers, and 35 regular teachers through semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, and observation checklists. Thematic analysis of qualitative data revealed five interconnected themes: teacher attitudes and low academic expectations, communication barriers in instructional delivery, pedagogical skill deficits in inclusive classrooms, discrimination and stigmatization, and systemic infrastructural inadequacies. Findings indicate that while policy frameworks such as the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act 2016 and the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 provide robust legislative mandates for inclusion, implementation remains fragmented, with less than one-third of schools meeting basic accessibility standards and fewer than 35% of teachers receiving inclusive education training . The study concludes that meaningful inclusion requires moving beyond compliance-oriented practices toward systematic investment in teacher professional development, Universal Design for Learning (UDL) approaches, accessible infrastructure, and school-based psychosocial support systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohd Haris, Md Ehtisham (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Motivational Strategies of Parents and Teachers: A Synergistic Approach to Enhancing Student Engagement
Motivation serves as the cornerstone of academic success, shaping students’ persistence, goal orientation, and lifelong learning habits. This study aims to analyse the collaborative motivational strategies of parents and teachers to enhance student engagement and achievement. Referring to theories like Self-Determination Theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000) and Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory (1959), the study examines how internal drive and external incentives interact and suggests effective ways to meet various student requirements. Parental engagement, which includes emotional support and open dialogue, complements teacher methods such as gamification and formative feedback. It is recommended to adopt collaborative strategies that combine home and school settings to improve both academic results and mental wellness of students. This paper enhances the discussion on educational psychology by connecting theory to practical suggestions, providing a guide for stakeholders to develop motivated and resilient students.
The Merchant Class Migration, Settlement, and Business Activities in Mughal Bihar With Special Reference to The Jain and Marwari Communities
The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief study on the migration, settlement, and business activities of the merchant class in Mughal Bihar, specifically focusing on the Jains and Marwaris. In order to shape economic interests as well as establish lucrative trade and commercial pursuits, the several business communities migrated from one place to another and settled down in the different parts of the country during the period under review. Among them, the Jains and Marwaris were the very famous and powerful mercantile communities who widely engaged themselves in trade and commercial activities across the country. It is a general assumption that most of the mercantile communities migrated from Rajasthan and settled in the different regions for trade and commercial purposes. The respective paper is intended to focus on the migration of Jain and Marwari merchants from Rajasthan and their settlement and business activities in the province of Bihar. This paper really wants to look into why and how Jains and Marwaris moved from Rajasthan to Bihar, and it will also focus on how the ruling class and merchants were closely connected and how their relationships were based on economic interests.
Representation of Women and Gender in the Pranami Discourses and Narratives of The Mughal Period
Narratives and discourses in the Pranami literary traditions, Bani (Utterances of Pran Nath, prominent figure of Pranami ‘sect’ in 17th-century India) and Bitak (Hagiographical compositions of close disciples of Pran Nath), depict both overtly and covertly various incidents involving images of women and gender relations in 17th- and 18th-century South Asia. Through these representations in the Pranami narratives, this paper attempts to scrutinize the intricacies of gender relations in which identities and meanings are constructed in multiple and layered ways around descriptions of incidents. This paper also investigates nuanced and contextualized accounts of how the representation of women and gender in the Pranami discourses and narratives of the Mughal period reflects a ‘progressive’ and inclusive perspective that values the agency and contributions of women in religious and social spheres. In the 17th and 18th centuries in Mughal India, including the context of regional kingdoms like Bundelkhanda, this paper explores how the Pranami literary traditions, which emphasized the equality of all individuals, regardless of gender, caste, religious, and social status, imagined a world of social, political, and religious relationships that could be appropriated within a wider framework of given contexts and situations. This approach stands in contrast to the prevailing gender norms of the time and provides insight into alternative visions of gender equality and inclusivity during the Mughal period.
Social Media and Adolescents: Exploring Links to Depression, Anxiety, and Stress
This study examines the impact of social media on adolescent mental health, focusing on stress, anxiety, and depression while highlighting gender differences. In a hyper-connected world, social media has become integral to teen life, influencing identity and emotional well-being. A random sample of 120 adolescents (60 girls and 60 boys) from three prominent schools in Delhi—Kerala School, R.K. Puram; Kendriya Vidyalaya Sec. 8, R.K. Puram; and Delhi Public School, R.K. Puram—was assessed using the Pallavi Bhatnagar Anxiety, Depression, and Stress Scale. Employing qualitative and quantitative methodologies, the study revealed moderate levels of depression (39.2%) and anxiety (37.5%) among participants. Findings indicate that adolescent girls are particularly vulnerable, with higher levels of mental distress linked to social media engagement, exacerbated by factors such as FOMO, excessive screen time, and cyberbullying. A strong correlation between stress and depression underscores the necessity for targeted interventions, particularly in stress management. The research advocates for age-specific, gender-sensitive mental health programmes in schools that address social pressures, body image issues, and academic stress. It emphasises the importance of parental involvement and the need for further investigation into the root causes of gender disparities in mental health outcomes. Overall, fostering healthier digital environments is essential for promoting adolescent well-being.
Socioeconomic Fault Lines Navigating the Educational Challenges Faced by Marginalized Adolescent Girls
The COVID-19 lockdown has exacerbated educational disparities, particularly for marginalized adolescent girls. This study explores the complex challenges faced by Kajal, Reema, and Priya, aged 14 to 17, in Tihar Gaon, West Delhi. These girls grapple with domestic responsibilities, socioeconomic constraints, and exploitative social dynamics that hinder their educational and personal development. Kajal’s narrative reveals the oppressive nature of early marriages and financial manipulation, where Chachaji’s exorbitant loans perpetuate a cycle of exploitation and educational marginalization. Despite completing her 12th grade, Kajal’s socio-economic conditions and malnourished state impede her pursuit of higher education, reflecting a grim reality for many girls in similar situations. Reema’s story highlights the detrimental impact of dowry culture, which forces families to prioritize financial savings over girls’ education. Her aspirations for vocational jobs are stifled by economic barriers, and rigid social hierarchies between employer and employee families further restrict her personal growth. Priya’s account underscores the pervasive inequalities within her community, where delayed salaries, workplace mistreatment, and a lack of financial control perpetuate instability. The COVID-19 pandemic further severed their ties with education, amplifying existing challenges. The study underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions to dismantle systemic barriers and promote individual empowerment. Education, while a fundamental right, often becomes a source of frustration due to structural inequalities. Addressing these multifaceted challenges requires a holistic approach, including financial literacy, awareness of scholarships, and supportive educational environments. The narratives of Kajal, Reema, and Priya highlight the imperative to break free from cycles of exploitation and ensure equal educational opportunities for all girls, enabling them to realize their full potential.
Decentralisation and the Strengthening of the State: A Case Study of the Province of Bihar
This paper seeks to study a case of Panchayati Raj Institutions of the province of Bihar in general and Nawada district of Bihar in particular. The qualitative and quantitative methods have been used to study it. This paper delineates the dynamics of decentralisation and the shortcomings of the functioning of Panchayats in the province of Bihar, and it further argues that democratic and substantive decentralisation can really strengthen the institution of state. A state consists of people. If we empower the people by giving easy access to services at the local level by decentralising the power of the state, which is by and large populous and larger in geographical size, accompanied with proper election management and voters’ education for a free and fair election, the state will in turn get stronger.
SMART-Agri-Hubs: A Sustainable Mathematical Model for Addressing Region-Specific Agricultural Challenges and Empowering Marginalized Farmers in India
This paper explores India’s potential for a Second Green Revolution, addressing key challenges like water scarcity, soil degradation, and the marginalization of smallholder farmers. It proposes the establishment of Mathematical Model, SMART-Agri-Hubs (Sustainable, Market-Integrated, Resilient, and Technology-Driven Agricultural Hubs) which integrate modern technologies such as precision agriculture, water-efficient systems, and climate-resilient farming practices. These hubs aim to enhance agricultural productivity, restore soil health, and empower marginalized farmers through inclusive, community-driven models. By focusing on sustainable and region-specific solutions, the study outlines a framework for transforming Indian agriculture to achieve long-term food security, environmental sustainability, and equitable economic development.
Copyright (c) 2024 Harikesh Maurya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This paper explores the application of blockchain technology in libraries, highlighting its potential to revolutionize information management, enhance data security, and streamline operations. With the rise of digital resources, libraries face challenges related to data integrity, copyright management, and user privacy. Blockchain offers a decentralized and immutable framework that can address these issues effectively. This study examines key applications such as secure digital rights management, efficient interlibrary loan processes, and improved user empowerment through transparent data management. Additionally, the paper discusses the challenges of implementing blockchain, including technical complexity and financial constraints. Through a review of current literature and case studies, this research underscores the transformative potential of blockchain in modern library practices, advocating for further exploration and pilot projects to harness its capabilities. Ultimately, the integration of blockchain technology may not only enhance operational efficiency but also redefine the role of libraries as secure, trustworthy, and user-centered information hubs in the digital age.
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Md Imran Ahmad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Bhakti movement’s impact on Braj was marked by gender and caste disparities. While men actively participated in devotional practices, women, especially from lower castes, were largely absent due to their socio-economic roles. Lower-caste women’s labor-intensive responsibilities limited their engagement in religious activities, whereas higher-caste women had greater social mobility, enabling their participation. Despite the movement’s egalitarian messages, patriarchal structures and daily labor demands hindered broader female involvement. The literature of Braj reflects this imbalance, highlighting selective participation based on caste and social status. This paper explores the role and position of women in various religious sects, examining the reasons behind the limited number of women saints in Braj. By analyzing these dynamics, we can better understand the complex interplay between gender, caste, and religious participation in the region.
Copyright (c) 2024 Ravi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The History of Mathematics: A Special Focus on 7th Century CE.-12th Century CE.
This document delves into the extensive history of mathematics, particularly emphasizing developments from the 7th to the 12th centuries CE. It explores the contributions of prominent Indian mathematicians such as Aryabhata, Bhaskaracharya, and Brahmagupta, highlighting their advancements in arithmetic, algebra, trigonometry, and mathematical astronomy. The text also examines the evolution of mathematical concepts like the decimal number system and the concept of zero. Additionally, it provides an overview of mathematical traditions from prehistory, Vedic, and Jaina traditions, and discusses the significant impact of the Bakhshali Manuscript on the development of number systems. Through these historical narratives, the document illustrates the profound influence of Indian mathematics on both regional and global mathematical thought.
Copyright (c) 2024 Aniwesh Kumar Bhatt (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Political Empowerment of Rural Women in India: Progress, Persistent Barriers, and the Road Ahead
Political empowerment is widely regarded as the cornerstone of women’s overall empowerment because it determines whether women can shape the rules, budgets, and institutions that govern every other dimension of their lives. This paper examines the political empowerment of rural women in India, tracing its constitutional foundations, current status, demonstrated impact, and continuing obstacles. Since the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 reserved not less than one-third of seats and chairperson positions in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) for women, more than a million rural women have entered formal political office, and several states have since raised the quota to fifty percent. Empirical research shows that women-led panchayats often redirect public spending toward drinking water, sanitation, health, and education, and that women leaders build political confidence over successive terms. Yet the record is uneven: proxy leadership through male relatives, popularly termed “Sarpanch Pati,” continues to hollow out formal representation in many states, and rural women remain almost entirely absent from Parliament and state legislatures. The long-pending Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam of 2023, which promises 33 percent reservation in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies, remains unimplemented pending delimitation, and latest legislative attempt to fast-track it was defeated in the Lok Sabha. The paper concludes that legal reservation is necessary but not sufficient, and that durable empowerment requires financial autonomy, capacity-building, protection from violence and intimidation, and a cultural shift in how communities regard women’s authority.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shashank Kumar Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Beyond Cultural Boundaries: A Critical Study of Yoga’s Global Adaptation, Decontextualization, and Root Reclamation
Globalization has significantly expanded the reach of yoga, facilitating the widespread dissemination of the Bharatiya Knowledge System and yielding numerous benefits including enhanced accessibility, inclusivity, and scientific recognition of yoga’s health benefits. However, this global expansion has also precipitated critical challenges—decontextualization, cultural appropriation, commodification, and pop-culturalization—that fundamentally distance the practice from its philosophical and spiritual foundations. Despite these obstacles, contemporary movements in India and worldwide are advocating for culturally conscious and ethically grounded approaches while actively working to reclaim yoga’s traditional roots. This research article critically examines this dual narrative of adaptation and reclamation, offering a nuanced understanding of yoga as a global knowledge system. Through historical and cultural analysis, the paper investigates three key dimensions: the processes of yoga’s adaptation in non-Indian contexts, the mechanisms of its decontextualization and commodification, and the ongoing initiatives aimed at restoring its philosophical integrity. By analyzing the transformation of yoga from a holistic spiritual discipline to a primarily fitness-oriented practice, this study illuminates the tensions between accessibility and authenticity, globalization and cultural preservation. The findings underscore the importance of decolonization efforts, amplification of South Asian voices, and ethical engagement in ensuring that yoga’s future remains connected to its ancient roots while accommodating cross-cultural dialogue. Ultimately, this paper contributes to broader scholarly discussions on cultural appropriation, knowledge systems, and the challenges of preserving traditional practices in an increasingly globalized world.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vikas Patel, Medha Singh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phenomenology Beyond Method: Reclaiming Philosophical Rigour and Ethical Responsibility in Educational Research
Phenomenology has become an influential approach in educational research, often invoked to foreground lived experience, voice, and meaning. Yet its growing popularity has coincided with a tendency to treat phenomenology as a generic qualitative method rather than a philosophically grounded mode of inquiry. This paper argues that such usage risks diluting phenomenology’s epistemological rigour and ethical responsibility. Drawing on classical and contemporary phenomenological scholarship, the paper examines how phenomenology’s foundational commitments to intentionality, lifeworld, bracketing, reflexivity, and interpretation are often selectively adopted or applied superficially in educational studies. Particular attention is given to the unresolved methodological tension between descriptive and hermeneutic phenomenology and the ethical risks that arise when this tension is obscured. The paper contends that methodological ambiguity contributes to interpretive drift, aestheticised representations of experience, and weakened accountability in research involving teachers and learners. Rather than proposing phenomenology as a flexible toolkit, the paper repositions it as an epistemic and ethical commitment that demands philosophical clarity, methodological restraint, and reflexive responsibility. The paper concludes by outlining implications for educational research cultures and teacher education, emphasising the need to reclaim phenomenology as a disciplined and ethically grounded research paradigm.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Upasana Ray, Latika Khullar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urban Morphology and Its Master Plan of Jaipur City
An examination of Jaipur’s urban form reveals how the city’s geography, history, and planning philosophies have collectively shaped its unique spatial and cultural identity. Strategically located along the Aravalli hills and Banas River valley, Jaipur benefited from natural defenses, fertile soil, and water resources, influencing both its early settlement and ongoing urban development. The city’s evolution unfolded in three major phases: its founding in 1727 by Sawai Jai Singh II, characterized by prominent public structures like Jantar Mantar and a gridiron street plan; the 19th-century expansion under Sawai Pratap Singh and Maharaja Ram Singh II, when development extended beyond walled limits with significant architectural projects; and a more recent phase marked by growth amid challenges. While initial planning emphasized environmental harmony, social hierarchy, and aesthetic considerations, modern issues such as urban sprawl, unregulated land use, and infrastructure deficits threaten its historic fabric. Addressing these concerns necessitates integrated urban management strategies that promote sustainable densification, heritage conservation, and inclusive governance. Leveraging advanced spatial technologies and socio-economic research will be vital in balancing rapid urbanization with heritage preservation. Jaipur exemplifies a deliberate, harmonious approach to urban planning that marries traditional wisdom with contemporary needs, offering valuable insights for similar historic cities worldwide.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rajendra Prasad Kumawat, Dr. Rajesh Kumar M. Damor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0