Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Md. Azharrul Haque Mallick Title: Shifting Sands of Time: Aurangzeb's Portrayal in Urdu Historiography Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The primary objective of this paper is to meticulously analyze the representation of Aurangzeb within the context of Urdu historiography. In order to achieve this objective, it is crucial to have a comprehensive understanding of the intricate development of Urdu historiography, which may be observed through the lens of three major phases. This historical inquiry follows a chronological trajectory, beginning with the turbulent events of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and extending its narrative to encompass subsequent developments up to the present day. Over an extended period of time, the field of Urdu historiography experienced significant transformations, which were caused by a multitude of political and social upheavals. These transformative factors have had a lasting impact on the fundamental characteristics and core of Urdu historiographical literature. As a result, the changes in the historiographical terrain had an inevitable impact on the representation and portrayal of Aurangzeb in Urdu literature. The primary objective of the paper is to analyze the transformative shifts that occurred in the portrayal of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb within the context of Urdu historiography as it progressed through several historical periods. Keywords: Aurangzeb; Mughal; Urdu; Historiography; Urdu Literature; Indian History; Medieval Period Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 1-7 Volume: 2 Issue: 1 Year: 2025 Month: March DOI: 10.63960/2025.03.06.azhar File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/31 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/31/23 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:1:a:31 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mirza Shahzan Asagar Title: Digital Competence in Education: A Comparative Analysis of Frameworks and Conceptual Foundations Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Digital competence is the holistic ability to confidently, critically, and responsibly engage with digital technologies across personal, educational, professional, and societal contexts. It integrates knowledge (understanding digital tools and systems), skills (technical, cognitive, and socio-emotional proficiencies), attitudes (responsibility, ethical judgement, adaptability, and resilience), and strategic awareness (critical evaluation, creativity, and problem-solving) to access, manage, create, and communicate information effectively. The study aims to analyse the various definitions of Digital Competence. The study also aims to analyse and compare various digital competence frameworks for educators, focusing on their key competencies, proficiency levels, and implementation strategies. A qualitative comparative analysis was employed to compare six prominent digital competence frameworks for educators (DigCompEdu, Norwegian Framework, ICT CFT, DTPF, SFDCT, and EDCF) through content analysis, focusing on their key competencies and proficiency levels. The frameworks were selected based on their relevance to education, international scope, and recent updates. The analysis identifies commonalities and differences across frameworks, particularly in terms of collaboration, ethical practices, digital tool integration, and continuous professional development. The findings provide insights for policymakers, educators, and institutions to design effective professional development programs and integrate digital competence frameworks into educational practices. This research offers a comprehensive comparison of digital competence frameworks, contributing to the ongoing discourse on digital transformation in education. Keywords: Digital Competence; Framework; UNESCO; UNICEF; Education; International; National; European Union; DigiComEdu Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 8-18 Volume: 2 Issue: 1 Year: 2025 Month: March DOI: 10.63960/synergyint.j.multidiscip.stud..v2i1.34 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/34 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/34/26 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:1:a:34 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Parankush Koul Title: Advancements in Underground Mining Equipment Design: Safety, Finite Element Analysis, and Structural Innovations Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This paper discusses improvements to the design of underground mining machines with respect to safety, finite element analysis (FEA), and structure. It illustrates the need to maximize heat and energy use in mining machinery, as shown by research on porous freon steam generators that work better than the old way. The studies also highlight computational modeling in designing structural equipment to overcome operational issues. Additionally, FEA is discussed as an essential resource for modeling complex structures and discovering where failures might occur to bring more reliability and cheaper development. The combination of automation and monitoring systems is also covered and shows how they are reducing the level of risk for humans in high-risk processes and providing safe underground environments through real-time ventilation monitoring. In all, the paper provides a detailed description of how new designs and technologies can be applied to improve the safety and performance of underground mining operations. Keywords: Safety; Finite Element Analysis; Innovative Design; Automation; Environmental Sustainability Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 19-34 Volume: 2 Issue: 1 Year: 2025 Month: March DOI: 10.63960/synergyint.j.multidiscip.stud..v2i1.30 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/30 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/30/22 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:1:a:30 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nusrat Jamal Arshad Title: Pierre de Coubertin’s Ode to Sport: A Feminist Reassessment of Gender Bias in Olympic Ideals Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Pierre de Coubertin’s Ode to Sport has long been celebrated for its philosophical exploration of the moral and physical virtues of sport, emphasising its role in uniting humanity and promoting justice. However, this iconic poem has largely escaped critical scrutiny from a feminist perspective, particularly regarding its gendered portrayal of sport. This paper offers a feminist reassessment of the Ode to Sport, focusing on how Coubertin’s representation of sport reinforces hegemonic masculinity and excludes women from the idealised Olympic vision. By analysing the language, imagery, and historical context of the poem, this study shows how Coubertin’s male-centric ideals shaped the early Olympic Games and reflect broader societal views on gender and corporeality. Drawing on feminist literary theory and historical research, it highlights the exclusionary nature of the Olympic movement in its early years, as well as subsequent feminist challenges to these gendered narratives. The paper concludes with a consideration of how contemporary feminist athletes and sports movements have redefined sport as a space for gender inclusion, empowerment, and equality. It offers a critique of the legacy of the ode to sport and the possibility of a more inclusive vision of sport in the modern era. Keywords: Pierre de Coubertin; Gender Exclusion; Sports; Gender Equality; masculinity; Hegemonic; Olympic Games; Literature; Gender Bias; Feminist Critique Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 35-47 Volume: 2 Issue: 1 Year: 2025 Month: March DOI: 10.63960/sijmds.v2i1.35 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/35 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/35/24 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:1:a:35 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Farhana Naaz Title: Enhancing ICT Integration: Addressing Teachers’ Perspectives and Institutional Challenges in Schools Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The integration of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education has transformed teaching and learning by introducing innovative tools for interactive, inclusive, and personalised instruction. Despite the widespread availability of ICT resources, resistance among educators to fully embrace these technologies remains a significant challenge. This study explores the factors contributing to self-imposed resistance to ICT, examines teachers’ perceptions of technology adoption, and evaluates the role of professional development in shaping attitudes and behaviours toward ICT integration. The findings reveal that resistance to ICT adoption stems not only from technical or resource-based limitations but also from deeper concerns, such as perceived inefficiency, fear of losing control in the classroom, and discomfort with rapidly evolving technologies. Although teachers recognise the potential of ICT to enhance educational outcomes, barriers such as infrastructural inadequacies, inconsistent institutional support, and insufficient professional development hinder effective integration. Furthermore, teachers expressed a strong preference for practical, hands-on training, emphasising the importance of sustained and context-specific support for successful ICT adoption. This study highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to address both external and internal barriers to ICT integration in education. Improved infrastructure, targeted professional development, and robust administrative support are essential to fostering teacher confidence and reducing resistance. These findings contribute to the growing body of research on technology adoption in education, providing actionable recommendations to support educators in leveraging ICT effectively and advancing digital transformation in schools. Keywords: ICT; Inclusion; Challenges; Digital; Perception Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 48-56 Volume: 2 Issue: 1 Year: 2025 Month: March DOI: 10.63960/synergyint.j.multidiscip.stud..v2i1.36 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/36 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/36/25 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:1:a:36 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Foziya Parveen Author-Name: Tasneem Bano Title: The Impact of Anxiety and Depression on Academic Performance in High School Students: A Cognitive Perspectives Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Mental health issues, particularly anxiety and depression, significantly affect students’ academic performance. This study examines the cognitive models of David M. Clark and Aaron Beck to understand how maladaptive thought patterns contribute to anxiety and depression in high school students. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these mental health concerns, leading to increased academic struggles. Using a theoretical and empirical approach, this study highlights key symptoms, cognitive distortions, and intervention strategies, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Findings emphasise the need for mental health support in educational settings to improve student outcomes. Keywords: Anxiety; Depression; Academic Performance; Cognitive Model; High School; Student Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 57-62 Volume: 2 Issue: 1 Year: 2025 Month: March DOI: 10.63960/sp.2025.sijmds.2.1.37 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/37 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/37/27 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:1:a:37 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sabiha Maqsood Author-Name: Tasneem Bano Title: The Psychological Impact of BTS ARMY Fan Culture on Children’s Emotional Well-Being and Development in the New Millennium Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Fan communities play an increasingly significant role in the social and emotional development of children and adolescents. Among the most influential global fandoms is BTS ARMY, the dedicated fanbase of the South Korean boy band BTS. This paper explores the dual impact of BTS ARMY fan culture on young individuals, examining both its benefits and potential drawbacks. On the positive side, participation in the fandom fosters a sense of belonging, encourages creative self-expression, and promotes emotional well-being through shared experiences and support networks. BTS’s advocacy for self-love, mental health awareness, and social activism further enhances young fans’ psychological resilience and identity formation. However, fan culture can also introduce challenges, including peer pressure, unrealistic social comparisons, and exposure to cyberbullying. The need to conform to community norms, financial pressures related to fandom participation, and the risk of emotional dependency are additional concerns. This study underscores the importance of a balanced approach to fan engagement, emphasizing the role of parents, educators, and caregivers in guiding youth toward healthy participation. By understanding both the positive and negative dimensions of BTS ARMY fan culture, this paper offers insights into fostering a supportive and enriching fan experience while mitigating risks to children’s emotional well-being. Keywords: BTS ARMY; Fan Culture; Adolescents; Emotional Well-being; Social Identity; Cyberbullying; Self Expression; Mental Health; Peer Pressure; Online Communities Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 63-69 Volume: 2 Issue: 1 Year: 2025 Month: March DOI: 10.63960/sijmds-2025-2138 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/38 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/38/28 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:1:a:38 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Shikha Sharma Author-Name: Amba Agarwal Author-Name: Amandeep Kaur Title: Macroeconomic Consequences of Type 1 Diabetes: Productivity Loss and Healthcare Expenditure Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Individuals with T1D carry the economic burden of the illness itself as well as its treatment, along with the burden on healthcare systems and the economy. In this study, we consider the macroeconomic consequences of T1D in India at the productivity loss and healthcare expenditure. In order to quantify these direct and indirect costs of T1, we use data from global and national health surveys, economic studies and healthcare databases to analyse trends from 2000 to 2045. We found that T1D is becoming increasingly common, and that the number of affected people is predicted to exceed 124.9 million by 2045 and that these costs will be substantial for healthcare and productivity. The economic impact is estimated to increase directly to USD 8.5 billion in 2021 while incrementally to USD 12.8 billion by 2045 while the indirect cost that includes absenteeism, presenteeism and mortality before active age contribute to magnify. Complications like neuropathy, retinopathy, coronary artery disease also play a major role in the disease burden. The study stresses the constraints of macroeconomic consequences of T1D in India through improved access to insulin and early diagnosis and workplace accommodations. This increasing public health challenge requires policymakers to enforce cost effective strategies to tackle this challenge and to minimise the economic burden on the individuals and on the health care system. Keywords: Type 1 diabetes; Productivity Loss; Healthcare expenditure; Economic burden Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 70-77 Volume: 2 Issue: 1 Year: 2025 Month: March DOI: 10.63960/sp.2025.sijmds.2.1.39 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/39 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/39/29 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:1:a:39 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sudhir Kumar Nirala Title: A History of Social Justice in India: An Overview Publication-Status: Published Abstract: India has implemented one of the most comprehensive affirmative action policies in the world, with roots that can be traced back to the colonial era. The historical trajectory of reservation policies in India, including the Gandhi–Ambedkar Pact, the provisions enshrined in the Indian Constitution, and the recommendations of various commissions such as the Kaka Kalelkar Commission and the Mandal Commission, has been pivotal in shaping the discourse on social justice. This paper examines the evolution of reservation policies from pre-independence to post-independence India, highlighting the significant role of commissions in identifying and addressing the needs of socially and educationally backward communities. The paper also explores the divergent approaches of different states like Mysore, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Gujarat, and Bihar towards affirmative action and social justice, illustrating the regional variations in the implementation of reservation policies. By analyzing these diverse trajectories, the paper sheds light on the complexities of affirmative action in India and its impact on social, economic, and educational opportunities for marginalized groups. Keywords: Reservation Policie; Social Justice; India; Gandhi-Ambedkar Pact; Scheduled Castes; Scheduled Tribes; Other Backward Classes; Constitutional Provisions; Regional Variation Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 78-83 Volume: 2 Issue: 1 Year: 2025 Month: March DOI: 10.63960/synergyint.j.multidiscip.stud..v2i1.41 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/41 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/41/30 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:1:a:41 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Iram Sarver Author-Name: Sarita Kumari Title: Beyond Ad Hocism: Towards Rights based Refugee protection in India Publication-Status: Published Abstract: India’s absence of a national refugee law entrenches discriminatory and securitised governance of displaced populations. Despite hosting over 200,000 refugees from Tibet, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, and Myanmar, India relies on ad hoc policies under immigration statutes like the Foreigners Act (1946), creating hierarchies of protection. This paper critiques India’s “strategic ambiguity” through comparative case studies of three groups: state-supported Sri Lankan Tamils (Category I), UNHCR-recognised Afghans (Category II), and criminalised Rohingya Muslims (Category III). It reveals how geopolitical interests—not vulnerability—determine rights access, with Muslim refugees systematically excluded. Legal limbo denies refugees socio-economic entitlements: Rohingya in Delhi/Jammu lack documentation for schools, healthcare, and formal work, violating constitutional guarantees. Concurrently, securitisation frames refugees as security threats, justifying deportations (e.g., MHA’s 2017 Rohingya policy) and religious exclusion under the Citizenship Amendment Act (2019). The analysis employs securitisation theory (Buzan et al.) and “crimmigration” (Stumpf) to argue that India’s policy asymmetry enables state-sanctioned discrimination. Recommendations include enacting a rights-based refugee law enshrining non-refoulement, regional cooperation via SAARC, and learning from Mizoram’s local integration of Chin refugees. Without structural reform, India’s selective humanitarianism will continue violating international norms and marginalizing the most vulnerable. Keywords: Forced migrations; Non-refoulement; Socio-economic Rights; Discrimination; Issues Securitization; Refugees Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 84-90 Volume: 2 Issue: 1 Year: 2025 Month: March DOI: 10.63960/SIJMDS-2025-2168 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/68 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/68/48 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:1:a:68