Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Umar Farooq Author-Name: Faryal Chaudhary Author-Name: Wasim Abbas Title: The Exploring Kevlar's Chemical Structure through Advanced Topological Co-Indices Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Unlocking the secrets of molecular structures has become a paramount pursuit in the realm of scientific inquiry, where the marriage of mathematical models and physical properties plays a pivotal role. Topological co-indices, as mathematical constructs, serve as potent tools to scrutinize the intricate relationship between chemical structures and their properties. By harnessing the power of molecular graphs, where edges represent bonds and points symbolize atoms, these co-indices provide numerical insights into diverse chemical structures. In this study, we delve into the fascinating world of topological co-indices by employing the iconic Kevlar’s chemical structure as our focal point. Unlike conventional lab tests, our approach offers a time-efficient alternative, enabling frequent usage without compromising accuracy. The investigation encompasses the derivation and analysis of several topological co-indices tailored to the unique attributes of Kevlar. Furthermore, this research introduces graphical representations that vividly illustrate the comparative landscape of estimated topological indices associated with Kevlar’s chemical structure. These visuals serve as a powerful tool for both experts and enthusiasts, enhancing the accessibility and comprehensibility of our findings. Join us on this captivating journey as we unravel the mathematical intricacies intertwined with the physical essence of Kevlar’s molecular architecture, shedding light on its distinctive properties through the lens of topological co-indices. Keywords: Topological co-indices; physical parameters; Zagreb type co-indice; Geometric Randic topological co-indices Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 1-9 Volume: 2 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 Month: September DOI: 10.63960/SIJMDS-2025-2359 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/59 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/59/42 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:3:a:59 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mitali Tewari Title: Terrain of Conflict: Indigenous Outlook and Colonial Involvement in the Kumaon Tarai and Bhabar Landscape Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This paper aims to explore the intricate interactions and interpretations of the concept of landscape within the Tarai and Bhabar regions of Kumaon. It presents this landscape as a contested space, shaped by varying perspectives of the indigenous populations and colonial authorities. Significantly, it investigates the disruptions caused by colonial interventions, wherein the colonial state imposed a distinct vision of the landscape. This mental restructuring was executed through various policies, affecting a transformative impact on the local worldview. In this regard, colonialists acted as ‘development experts’, despite their overt aims being different. They sought to control the terrain by constraining the activities of local people, often perceived as wasteful or ignorant. The displacement of local knowledge, rooted in practical experience, in favour of external philosophical or ideological schemes illustrates a fundamental conflict. At the core of this exploration is the contrast between the perspectives of residents and colonial ideologies, each attributing disparate values to the landscape. Ultimately, the paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate interplay between indigenous perceptions and colonial impositions in shaping the cultural and historical landscape of the region. Keywords: Nature; Cultural landscape; colonial intervention; Tarai and Bhabar regions Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 10-15 Volume: 2 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 Month: September DOI: 10.63960/SIJMDS-2025-2371 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/71 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/71/54 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:3:a:71 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Jasleen Kaur Author-Name: Rupali Rawat Title: Self-Efficacy and Resilience Among Indian Classical Dancers and Non-Dancers: A Comparative Study Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Since the time human beings have evolved, dance has remained an integral part in the lives of people of different cultures as it serves a medium for self-expression, transference of cultural knowledge and psycho-social development. From a historical standpoint, Indian Classical dance forms have been serving this purpose since centuries which largely remains undocumented. In this regard, the current study explores how participating in Indian classical dance may influence two important psychological traits: self-efficacy and resilience. Self-efficacy refers to a person’s confidence in their ability to succeed in specific tasks, while resilience is the ability to recover from difficulties and adapt to challenges. The study employed a cross-sectional research design using a purposive sampling method, comprising 133 participants in total 64 trained classical dancers and 69 individuals without formal dance training. Standardized questionnaires were administered to measure both self-efficacy and resilience, and the data were analyzed through an independent samples t-test. Findings indicated that classical dancers reported significantly higher self-efficacy scores (M = 32.57) compared to non-dancers (M = 29.07), suggesting that engagement in classical dance may strengthen individuals’ confidence in their abilities. In contrast, no statistically significant difference emerged between the two groups in terms of resilience, with mean scores of 46.13 for dancers and 43.04 for non-dancers. However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of resilience for classical dancers (M=46.13) and non-dancers (M= 43.04). These findings suggest that Indian classical dance could be a valuable tool for improving self-belief and confidence. The study also highlights the potential for incorporating elements of classical dance into Dance Movement Therapy (DMT) to support emotional and psychological development. Keywords: Self-Efficacy; Resilience; Indian Classical Dancers; Non-Dancers; Challenges; Emotional Development Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 16-28 Volume: 2 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 Month: September DOI: 10.63960/SIJMDS-2025-2367 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/67 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/67/47 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:3:a:67 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Vivek Sabharwal Title: The Influence of English as a Lingua Franca on Cultural Identity in Multilingual Communities of Delhi, India Publication-Status: Published Abstract: In the multicultural cities of India, especially in Delhi, English has become a lingua franca that is transforming the cultural identities in the context of the rapidly expanding globalization. This paper will focus on the effects of English in cultural understanding and social relations among the multilingual communities in Delhi. Using qualitative approaches, such as literature review and narrative descriptions, the study demonstrates the importance of English in providing access to wider communication and promoting social mobility, in particular educational and professional arenas. Simultaneously, it points out the major issues that are associated with this linguistic change: the progressive loss of native languages, the risk of cultural assimilation, and the strengthening of social barriers between English-speaking and non-English speaking populations. The results reflect the bargain that people engage in between maintaining native linguistic identity and the practical advantages of English, showing a complex balance of possibilities and cultural conflicts in the multilingual city of Delhi. Keywords: Cultural Identity; English; India; Lingua; Franca; Multilingualism Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 29-35 Volume: 2 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 Month: September DOI: 10.63960/SIJMDS-2025-2372 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/72 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/72/53 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:3:a:72 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ritika Verma Author-Name: Harkirat Bains Title: Security and Surveillance at Large Religious Gatherings: Crowd Management Strategies for the 2025 Maha Kumbh Mela Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The Maha Kumbh Mela 2025 was the most significant religious gathering of devotion and faith in the world. Over 660 million devotees bathed in sacred rivers in pursuit of spiritual liberation. Security measures and crowd management are major challenges for large-scale religious events. This paper contributes to existing literature on crowd management by examining crowd disasters, their major causes, security measures, crowd behavior, and traffic management. It assesses the coordination among various stakeholders, capacity planning, and overall organization. The paper provides a framework for risk assessment, preparedness, safety, and resource management. Its goal is to reduce the risk of incidents and ensure the safety and security of devotees during spiritual mass gatherings. Additionally, this study can aid in event management and policy development for future large-scale events, focusing on effective security strategies and strategic crowd management planning. Keywords: Security; Surveillance; Crowd management; Kumbh mela; Mass gathering Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 36-43 Volume: 2 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 Month: September DOI: 10.63960/SIJMDS-2025-2366 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/66 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/66/46 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:3:a:66 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syed Khurram Shahabuddin Title: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad: A Critical Review of His Intellectual, Political and Educational Legacy Publication-Status: Published Abstract: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (1888–1958) was a prominent Indian intellectual and political leader, known as a freedom fighter, scholar, journalist, educationist, and India’s first Education Minister. His work at the intersection of religion, politics, and education made his legacy influential but often debated. This article explores Azad’s impact on Indian nationalism, Islamic reform, and nation-building, highlighting his early intellectual and journalistic efforts with Al-Hilal and Al-Balagh, which criticized colonialism and promoted anti-imperialism and pan-Islamic unity. His leadership in Congress supported inclusive nationalism and Hindu–Muslim unity, positioning him as a moderate during turbulent times, although he faced criticism from communalists and historians regarding the practicality of his ideals. Azad shaped national education policies and established institutions like the UGC, CSIR, and IITs, viewing education as essential to democracy and progress, despite difficulties in achieving universal primary education. Historians debate his legacy—while he is praised for secularism and inclusive nationalism, some critique ideological biases. These discussions reflect his complex role in India’s diversity—both inspiring and contested. Ultimately, Azad’s legacy lies in his ability to connect faith with modern ideas, tradition with reform, and nationalism with internationalism, offering enduring insights into India’s democratic, multicultural identity. Keywords: Indian Nationalism; Composite Nationalism; Educational Reform; Secularism; Intellectual Legacy; Policy Criticism Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 44-49 Volume: 2 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 Month: September DOI: 10.63960/SIJMDS-2025-2373 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/73 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/73/51 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:3:a:73 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Faareha Usmani Title: From ‘Look East’ to ‘Act East’: Broadened Horizon of India-Southeast Asia Relations Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The early years of the 1990s were a remarkable period for India, as it witnessed not only the New Economic Reforms but also a set of revamped foreign policies. It was during this time that policymakers realised the gradual establishment of a new world order and the need for countries to engage with one another on the global stage. The ‘Look East Policy’ was one such initiative that highlighted a shift regarding India’s international relations and foreign policies. It was the success of the LEP that motivated Indian policymakers to further develop it into a more action- and outcome-based policy. As a result, the Act East Policy was announced in 2014 with a broader scope covering security, strategic, and cultural dimensions along with the previously existing focus on trade and economics. In the present geopolitical context, the Southeast Asian region is of great significance, and both India and ASEAN nations play central roles in the larger Indo-Pacific framework. The year 2024 marked the completion of a decade of India’s Act East Policy, and India-ASEAN relations have not only advanced but also entered a new phase following the launch of the policy. Therefore, the paper aims to identify the expanded vision under the current Act East Policy compared to the earlier Look East Policy, focus on the key achievements of the AEP, and explore possible avenues for ongoing cooperation between India and ASEAN. The methodology used is qualitative, relying on analytical and descriptive methods. The research primarily depends on secondary sources such as books, articles, and journals, along with primary sources like government reports and press releases. Keywords: India-ASEAN; Southeast Asia; Act East Policy; Look East Policy; Foreign Policy; Commerce; Culture; Connectivity; Diplomacy; Indo-Pacific Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 50-57 Volume: 2 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 Month: September DOI: 10.63960/SIJMDS-2025-2374 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/74 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/74/52 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:3:a:74 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Archana Title: Navigating the Landscape of Solid Waste Management: Innovating Developmental Strategies for a Sustainable Environment Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This article study on effective solid waste management is decisive for environmental sustainability and community healthiness. This study addresses critical research gaps in scalable solid waste management (SWM) for developing economies through a systematic analysis of circular economy innovations, policy frameworks, and socio-economic barriers. Employing a dual-method approach combining a literature review and policy analysis, we identify infrastructure deficits, environmental justice trade-offs in waste-to-energy adoption, and formalization challenges for informal waste sectors as key constraints. Findings demonstrate modular technologies can reduce collection costs by 35%, while gamified education increases waste segregation by 60% in low-resource settings. The research proposes a justice-centered framework integrating three pillars: (1) Technical (low-cost modular solutions), (2) Social (formalized waste picker inclusion), and (3) Policy (equity-focused EPR reforms). By quantifying implementation metrics across 12 case studies, this work presents actionable pathways for building resilient SWM systems that balance ecological integrity, economic viability, and social equity. Keywords: Sustainable Waste Management; Circular Economy; Extended Producer Responsibility; Informal Sector Integration Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 58-67 Volume: 2 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 Month: September DOI: 10.63960/SIJMDS-2025-2375 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/75 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/75/55 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:3:a:75 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Abhishek Panigrahi Author-Name: Mohd Faijullah Khan Author-Name: Jaswant Lall Title: Beyond Participation: An Observational Study of Engagement Patterns in Drama Therapy Among Children with Special Needs Publication-Status: Published Abstract: This study explores how children with special needs engage in structured drama therapy sessions, moving beyond simple participation metrics to understand the nuanced ways they involve themselves. Using a qualitative observational approach, thirty children aged 6–14 with mild to moderate needs were observed across 24 sessions at a special education center. Each 45-minute session followed a three-phase structure: warm-up, enactment, and reflection. Data collection included field notes and video recordings, analyzed through thematic analysis with an adapted engagement coding framework that distinguished active, passive, emotional, symbolic, and disengaged responses. Findings identified five types of engagement: active (spontaneous actions and peer collaboration), passive (attentive observation), emotional (facial expressions and affect), symbolic/creative (role-playing and imaginative projection), and resistance (withdrawal or refusal). Engagement levels varied across session phases, with enactments eliciting the highest active and symbolic engagement, while warm-ups showed more variability. Group dynamics, peer modeling, and therapist support significantly influenced engagement trajectories. These results expand engagement theory into therapeutic contexts and highlight the importance of designing flexible, activity-specific strategies that recognize passive engagement as valid. For educators and practitioners, understanding these diverse engagement patterns can inform more responsive, individualized approaches, emphasizing engagement quality over attendance. Keywords: Drama Therapy; Engagement Patterns; Special Needs; Observational Study; Inclusive Education; Behavioral Engagement Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 68-82 Volume: 2 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 Month: September DOI: 10.63960/sijmds-2025-2340 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/40 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/40/71 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:3:a:40 Template-Type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Syed Kamran Ali Author-Name: Anshu Title: Escalating Israel-Palestine Hostilities: Implications for Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the Wider Arab World Publication-Status: Published Abstract: The recent escalation in the longstanding conflict between Israel and Palestine has highlighted several significant shifts in the political dynamics of West Asia. The Arab world, once a strong advocate for Palestinian statehood—engaging in three wars with Israel—has recently demonstrated waning support. The issue of Palestine statehood no longer elicits the same response from the Arab world as it did until the 1970s. The Arab world, influenced by power politics, perceives its involvement in the conflict as less required. Instead, it prioritises industrial modernisation, trying to reduce dependence on hydrocarbons and focusing on advanced technologies. The Arab states believe that the comprehensive development of the region will occur only when there is peace, and their active participation in the Israel-Palestine conflict is likely to impact that prospect in the region. Additionally, it sees conflict between Iran and Israel as an opportunity to degrade Iran and its Axis of resistance, a scenario which would increase the Arab state’s geostrategic significance in the area. However, the Arab world's disengagement from the Palestinian cause has left a void in the Arab leadership. Iran, which too has the aspirations of Muslim leadership, has stepped in, trying to fill the gap left by the Arab world. Iran has emerged as the strong voice of the Palestinian at the global level, giving it reasonable popularity among both Shia and Sunni Muslim countries. Moreover, Iran's economic, military, geographic, and demographic characteristics position it as a formidable Muslim country in the region,  further heightening the Arab states’ insecurities. Therefore, they believe that the Arab world may benefit from the weakening of Iran and its proxies. However, this notion doesn't appear to be entirely accurate. Because the collapse or weakening of Iran means the complete domination of Israel in the region, and given the fundamental differences between Israel's and the Arab world's regional interests, such an outcome would further hinder the prospects of peaceful coexistence between Arab states and Israel. This study concludes that lasting peace and prosperity in the region can only be achieved by upholding international law and strengthening multilateral institutions, rather than focusing on Iran’s decline. In this research paper, a mixed-methods approach was employed, combining qualitative, quantitative, and descriptive research methodologies. Keywords: Israel-Palestine Conflict; Arab-Israeli Relations; West Asia Geopolitics; Saudi Arabia Foreign Policy; Iran-Israel Conflict; US Foreign Policy; Regional Stability,; Multilateral Institutions Journal: Synergy: International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies Pages: 83-90 Volume: 2 Issue: 3 Year: 2025 Month: September DOI: 10.63960/sijmds-2025-2391 File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/view/91 File-Function: Abstract page File-Format: text/html File-URL: https://sijmds.com/index.php/pub/article/download/91/78 File-Function: Full text File-Format: application/pdf Handle: RePEc:ett:sijmds:v:2:y:2025:i:3:a:91